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Biological control is first recorded around 300 AD in China, when colonies of weaver ants, Oecophylla smaragdina, were intentionally placed in citrus plantations to control beetles and caterpillars.5 Also in China, ducks were utilized in paddy fields to consume insects, as illustrated in ancient cave art. In 1762, an Indian mynah was brought to Mauritius to control locusts, and roughly precisely the exact same time, citrus trees in Burma were connected by bamboos to allow ants to pass between them and help control caterpillars.
Biological pest control is a method of controlling pests such as insects and mites by using other organisms.8 It depends on predation, parasitism, herbivory or other natural mechanisms, but normally also involves an active human management role. Classical biological control involves the introduction of natural enemies of the insect that are bred in the lab and introduced into the environment.
The released organism will breed and survive, and provide long-term control.9 Biological control can be an important component of an integrated pest management programme. .
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For instance: mosquitoes are often controlled by putting Bt Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. Israelensis, a bacterium which infects and kills mosquito larvae, in local water resources.10
Mechanical pest control is the use of hands-on techniques as well as simple equipment and devices, that offers a protective barrier between plants and insects. This can be known as tillage and is one of the oldest methods of weed control as well as being used for pest control; wireworms, the creatures of the common click beetle, are extremely harmful pests of newly ploughed grassland, and repeated cultivation exposes them to the birds and other predators that feed on them.11.
Crop rotation can help to control pests by depriving them of the host plants. It's an important strategy in the control of corn rootworm, and has reduced early season incidence of Colorado potato beetle by up to 95%.12
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A trap crop is a crop of a plant which attracts insects, diverting them from nearby crops.13 Pests aggregated on the trap crop can be more easily controlled using pesticides or other methods.14 However, trap-cropping, on its own, has often failed to cost effectively reduce pest densities on large industrial scales, without using pesticides, possibly due to the pests' ability to disperse back into the main field.14.
Pesticides are applied to crops by agricultural aircraft, tractor-mounted crop sprayers or as seed dressings to control pests. However, successful control by pesticides is not simple; the right formulation must be chosen, the timing is often critical, the method of application is important, sufficient coverage and retention on the harvest are necessary.
This is very important in countries where there are natural reservoirs of insects and their enemies in the countryside surrounding plantation crops, and this article these co-exist in a delicate balance. Often in less-developed countries, the plants are well adapted to the local situation and no pesticides are needed. Where innovative farmers are using fertilisers to grow enhanced crop varieties, these are often more vulnerable to pest damage, but the indiscriminate application of pesticides may be detrimental in the longer term.15.
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The effectiveness of chemical pesticides tends to diminish over time. That is because any organism which manages to survive the initial application will pass on its genes to its offspring and a resistant strain is going to be developed. In this manner, some of the very serious pests have developed resistance and therefore are no longer killed by pesticides that used to kill their ancestors.
